Without Russia: How Europe has reacted to the supply crisis

This paper unites a series of studies to explore how European states addressed the energy supply crisis following the Russian invasion, offering insights into both short-term measures for price stabilization and supply security and medium to long-term adjustments in energy policies. What emerges is a story of collective action by EU Member States. They reduced their reliance on Russian fossil fuel supplies and diminished dependence on Russian energy sources. For instance, from Q1 2022 to Q1 2023, Russia’s share of EU energy imports significantly decreased: from 26% to 3.2% for oil, from 38.8% to 17.4% for gas, from 18.1% to […]